Volkswacht Bodensee - Iran likely behind attacks sowing fear among Europe's Jews: experts

But experts question whether the group, which has called itself Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiya (HAYI) in online posts, really exists or is just a front for Iranian intelligence.

Jewish communities in Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands have each been targeted since the US-Israeli war with Iran began in late February.

Ambulances run by Jewish volunteers were set on fire in London, a car was torched in Antwerp, synagogues hit with explosives in Liege and Rotterdam, and a Jewish school targeted in Amsterdam.

Although police have generally been careful not to ascribe motives, pro-Iran social media accounts have posted footage and said the HAYI group carried out the attacks.

A European security source who requested anonymity because of the sensitive nature of the topic pointed out that the HAYI group was unknown before the war.

"So it is indeed likely at this stage that it is a front group," the source said.

Laurence Bindner, a specialist in online radicalisation, said the group was first mentioned after the Liege attack on March 9.

She told AFP the logo used by the group shared similarities with that of the so-called axis of resistance, an informal Iran-led military alliance.

- 'A facade' -

Julian Lanches, of the Dutch ICCT research centre, also cast doubt on the group's authenticity in a research note on Monday.

After the Amsterdam attack on March 16, claims of responsibility were published first on pro-Iranian accounts before making it onto a supposedly official HAYI account on Telegram.

Yet the official account had only a few dozen followers at the time.

Lanches also wrote that the group had claimed responsibility for attacks that do not seem to have happened, calling these messages "likely disinformation".

All of which raised the question, he wrote, of "whether HAYI is a genuine terrorist group or merely serves as a facade for Iranian hybrid operations".

The Israeli authorities are in no doubt about the nature of the attacks and the group.

Diaspora Affairs Minister Amichai Chikli said the attack on ambulances in London's Golders Green area was "the latest link in the terror chain" involving HAYI, which he labelled "an Iranian-backed proxy".

"From Liege and Rotterdam to Golders Green, Tehran deploys local cells to terrorise Jewish communities," he posted on social media site X on Monday.

- Child recruitment? -

Bindner said it was a "credible hypothesis" that the attacks had been outsourced to young operatives who may not even know who is employing them.

"They recruit operatives, sometimes minors, sometimes in criminal networks," she said.

"They instruct them to act, to film themselves, to send the video, which is then formatted with the group's graphics and logo."

European intelligence agencies have long accused Iran of using criminal networks to conduct clandestine operations in Europe.

"We are probably looking at a dual logic of a front group and subcontracting," Bindner said, allowing "plausible deniability on the part of the masterminds".

K.Hofmann--VB