Volkswacht Bodensee - Pressure mounts on US companies in Russia

But they face mounting pressure: calls for repercussions are appearing on social media under hashtags such as #BoycottMcDonalds and #BoycottPepsi -- two companies that received letters from New York state's pension fund chief.

These companies "need to consider whether doing business in Russia is worth the risk during this extraordinarily volatile time," Thomas DiNapoli said in a statement.

DiNapoli has also sent letters to snack manufacturer Mondelez; cosmetics groups Estee Lauder and Coty; and brokerage firm Bunge.

A team from Yale University that keeps a list of companies with a significant presence in Russia said about 250 have announced withdrawal from the country since it invaded Ukraine.

The group said the withdrawals call to mind "the large-scale corporate boycott of Apartheid South Africa in the 1980s."

Many US companies still in Russia remain silent. Brands including McDonald's, Bunge, Mondelez, Estee Lauder, Kimberly-Clark and Coty did not respond to an AFP request for comment.

- Legitimate reasons -

Starbucks said that its 130 coffee shops in Russia are owned by a Kuwaiti conglomerate. The coffee giant has pledged to donate any profit from its business in Russia to humanitarian efforts in Ukraine.

Yum Brands said its approximately 1,000 KFC and 50 Pizza Hut restaurants in Russia are nearly all operated by independent owners under license or franchise agreements.

It announced Monday that it "has suspended all investment and restaurant development in Russia."

Some businesses may have legitimate reasons to stay, several experts in ethics and communications strategy told AFP.

Companies may be hesitant to leave because they make essential products such as pharmaceutical ingredients, said Tim Fort, a professor of business ethics at Indiana University.

"This is a time when (you've) got to pick your side, and it doesn't strike me as this being very difficult to pick," he said.

"Any one company leaving the country isn't going to tip the balance... but there's a cumulative effect," Fort added.

- 'What's going on?' -

A company as well-known as McDonald's can have influence in Russia at a time when the general population has almost no access to sources of information other than the official messaging on the invasion.

"Russians (will) be able to survive without the Big Mac, but (ask) why is McDonald's closed? What's going on? It's a more powerful signal in that sense," Fort said.

Richard Painter, a professor at the University of Minnesota, warned of "serious risks for American and Western Europeans who are currently in Russia.

"These companies should do everything they can to bring their people home," he said.

Painter said companies "should think about the message that needs to be emphasized: that Russia cannot do this to Ukraine... while at the same time participating in the international economy."

The economic sanctions imposed on Russia with broad consensus by Western governments "is really the best way to deal with Russia, as opposed to a military confrontation," the former White House ethics lawyer said.

Some companies may be betting the criticism will rain down in the short term but ultimately subside, said Brian Berkey, who specializes in corporate ethics at the University of Pennsylvania.

Other crisis situations, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, led to calls for boycotts against certain companies -- but without much effect.

Support for such initiatives is not always unanimous, but "mostly people in the United States and in Europe are unified in thinking that what Russia is doing is clearly unacceptable," he said.

Mark Hass, a communications specialist at Arizona State University, said the economic interest of companies that have chosen to stay in Russia "outweighs the reputational one."

McDonald's, for instance, gets nine percent of its revenue and three percent of its operating profits from Russia.

But "if social media starts identifying you as a company that's willing to do business with an autocratic aggressor, who's slaughtering thousands of people in the Ukraine, you're in big trouble," Hass said.

"And it will hurt business more broadly than just in Russia."

S.Keller--BTB