Volkswacht Bodensee - Grief and discontent as Armenia marks WWI mass murders anniversary

But this time, the annual Genocide Remembrance Day was marked not only with grief, but also with some discontent that the Armenian government has stopped vociferously pushing for countries to recognise the massacres as a genocide amid progress in talks with Azerbaijan and Turkey.

According to Yerevan, up to 1.5 million people died between 1915 and 1916, when the Ottoman authorities, struggling on the battlefield, carried out repressions against the Christian Armenian minority, whom it viewed as pro-Russian traitors.

They were either killed or sent on deadly marches into the Syrian desert, deprived of food and water.

Turkey does not recognize this as genocide and denies the murders were systemic. It estimates Armenian deaths at 300,000-500,000 and claims that as many Turks died in civil strife after many Armenians sided with invading Russian forces.

Armenia and its influential global diaspora have long advocated for international recognition and to date, 34 countries, including the United States, France, Germany, Brazil, and Russia, have officially recognized the killings as genocide.

"What our government is even thinking? How can we trust Turkey, which openly supported Azerbaijan during the Karabakh war and still refuses to recognize the genocide?" said 72-year-old Aram Hayrapetyan, as he slowly climbed the hill up to the memorial in a solemn procession.

Relations between Ankara and Yerevan have been strained for decades over the massacres, which Armenia calls a genocide, and the Karabakh conflict, but Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan has recently been pushing for a reset.

"We must not abandon the fight for international recognition -- for justice, and to ensure such a thing never happens again," added Hayrapetyan, who used to come to Tsitsernakaberd every year along with his wife, who recently died.

"She's gone, so I'm here for two today and I'll keep coming as long as I have strength in my legs," he told AFP.

This year, the unusual absence of any major official events in Yerevan on Genocide Remembrance Day left many disheartened, especially after Pashinyan recently told Turkish media that seeking genocide recognition was no longer a priority for Armenia.

"We must be strong to make sure their blood wasn't spilled in vain and to keep the memory of them," said Mher Madoyan, a 76-year-old economist with powder-white thick hair, who was wearing a tie.

- Fragile rapprochement -

Over the past four decades, Armenia and its neighbour, Turkic-speaking majority-Muslim Azerbaijan, backed by Ankara, fought two wars over the mountainous region of Karabakh amid a power vacuum left by the Soviet Union's collapse.

Karabakh was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan but was predominantly populated by Armenians.

In a swift offensive in September 2023, Baku regained full control of the region, prompting the exodus of more than 100,000 ethnic Armenians.

Last month, the two former Soviet republics agreed on the text of a long-anticipated peace treaty aimed at ending decades of hostilities, which could also pave the way for normalisation between Armenia and Turkey, which currently have no diplomatic relations.

But some remain sceptical.

"Of course, it would be nice to sign a peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan, but I don't trust it," said Marine Balayan, a 65-year-old woman who lay flowers at the memorial.

"I am dubious, even after they sign it, that they won't go against our country again," she said.

"Every day, the Azerbaijanis put more and more humiliating demands on the table. Therefore, I don't think it is realistic to sign a peace agreement now," Aram Petrosyan, a 46-year-old lawyer, told AFP.

On Wednesday night, an Azerbaijani and a Turkish flag were burned as thousands sang patriotic songs accompanied by drumbeats in central Yerevan at a traditional torchlight procession on the eve of the Remembrance Day. The burning of the flags was later denounced by the prime minister's office.

"This is the fire of the souls of the one and a half million Armenians who died in the genocidal hell," said Gegham Manukyan, a lawmaker from nationalist party Dashnaktsutyun.

L.Meier--VB