Volkswacht Bodensee - Ecuador's presidential hopefuls face toxic brew of crime, unemployment

In picturesque and once-bustling Seminary Park, these days iguanas almost outnumber visitors.

"In the afternoon it feels like a cemetery," said Juan Carlos Pesantes who has sold sweets and drinks from a park-side kiosk for 16 years.

"There are no tourists left."

Pesantes has watched as several businesses, including a once popular hotel, close down around him.

In three years, his income has halved and Guayaquil has been transformed from the beating heart of Ecuador's economy into one of the most violent cities in Latin America.

Some months, the country averages more than one murder an hour.

The park is now locked by 18:00 instead of 22:00, just in case any visitors are tempted to hang around after dark.

Against this grim backdrop, the economy fell into recession late last year.

But insecurity is not the only issue ailing Ecuador's economy.

Either incumbent president Daniel Noboa or his leftist rival Luisa Gonzalez will have to reckon with deep social inequality, unemployment, an energy crisis, low rates of investment, groaning public finances and low oil revenues.

Pesantes is "undecided" about which one of the two neck-and-neck rivals to vote for.

"There is no confidence" in them, he said.

- Going out is risky -

Ecuador's woes stem from a boom in Colombian cocaine production and the attractiveness of its ports for shipping the drug to lucrative markets in Asia, Europe and the United States.

The bloodshed has increased as a multitude of gangs, cartels and mafias vie to control routes.

The surge in gang activity has had a direct impact on normal economic activity.

Violence is "affecting consumption. The population has fewer possibilities to go out on the street, to a restaurant, to make a purchase, it's risky," said Alberto Acosta Burneo, an economic analyst at the Spurrier group.

In a poor neighborhood of Guayaquil, Paola Valdivieso, a 54-year-old salon worker, talks about the "fear, the dread" she feels when she has to walk "looking in all directions."

Bananas, one of Ecuador's main export products -- along with oil, cocoa, shrimp, and flowers -- also suffer from organized crime.

"We are victims of drug trafficking," Richard Salazar, director of a banana growers' association tells AFP.

"We are victims of crime and organized crime with extortions," and despite checks, drug traffickers use large shipments of fruit to move cocaine, he explained.

In a depressed economy, unemployment and underemployment affect almost a quarter of the population and one in three are poor, according to official figures.

There is "a lot of informality" in employment, with poorly paid and precarious jobs, Acosta Burneo said.

Septuagenarian retiree Gerardo Ortiz explained he can just about "subsist" on his $280 a month pension as he jokingly pointed to his "car" -- in reality a rusty bicycle leaning against a tree.

With cash tight and security poor, foreign investors that once flocked to dollarized Ecuador have stayed away.

The lack of investment "is reflected in an economy that does not grow as it should," according to Acosta Burneo.

In 2023 and 2024, a lack of investment in the power sector and a serious drought caused power outages that lasted up to 14 hours a day.

- No easy answers -

In response to this multi-headed economic crisis, the presidential candidates propose very different solutions.

"Gonzalez's plan is to bring a return of the strategic state" through infrastructure development and investments in public services, according to Christophe Ventura, a Latin America specialist at France's Institute for International and Strategic Affairs (IRIS).

The leftist candidate advocates for a tax system that imposes a higher burden on the private sector and plans to reduce value-added tax, which Noboa increased from 12 percent to 15 percent.

Noboa has backed tough security measures and traditional neoliberal economic policies -- negotiating a trade agreement with Canada to boost extractive industries.

T.Zimmermann--VB